Overcoming Intrinsic and Acquired Temozolomide Resistance in Glioblastoma: Fisetin as a Potential Strategy to Enhance Sensitivity via ZEB1 Modulation

Objectives: Glioblastoma (GB) is the most aggressive type of brain tumor in adults, and the chemical agent temozolomide (TMZ) is widely used for its treatment. However, TMZ resistance can lead to therapeutic failure. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the bioflavonoid fisetin on GB cell growth and on overcoming TMZ resistance in TMZ-sensitive, inherited-resistant, and acquired-resistant GB cells the effect of fisetin on TMZ efficacy evaluin primary GB cells. Materials and Methods: GB cell lines (T98G; intrinsic TMZ-resistant, A172; TMZ-sensitive, A172-R; acquired TMZ-resistant) and primary GB cells derived from patient samples were treated with effective doses of TMZ (ranging from 900 to 1000 μM), fisetin (ranging from 13.78 to 16.40 μM), or a combination of both. TMZ resistance was acquired in A172 cells through stepwise increases in TMZ concentration. Real-time cell proliferation was measured using the xCELLigence system. The migratory capacity of the cells was evaluated using a wound-healing assay. The RNA expression of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-inducing transcription factor E-box-binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1) was assessed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Cell assays were analyzed by analysis of variance, and ZEB1 expression was analyzed by t-test. Results: Fisetin substantially enhanced the effect of TMZ in all the cell lines included in the present study, as evidenced by significant decreases in cell proliferation and wound-healing, and in ZEB1 expression (p