A Systematic Review of Gallbladder Anomalies

Background: Gallbladder anomalies are rare congenital defects resulting from developmental disruptions. These variations in shape, position, or number are often incidental findings but can present with symptomatic gallstone disease. Undiagnosed anomalies may lead to surgical complications like bile duct injuries and incomplete cholecystectomy. Despite their clinical significance, standardized guidelines remain limited. This systematic review consolidates current knowledge on classification, diagnosis, and management. Methods: Given the rarity of gallbladder anomalies, single case reports were excluded. The database search yielded 3,789 articles, with 1,975 excluded based on language, relevance, and duplication. After screening, 164 articles underwent full-text review, and seven case series met inclusion criteria. Results: The selected studies covered embryological development, classification, diagnostic imaging, and surgical approaches. Common imaging methods included ultrasound, magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP), and computed tomography (CT) scans. Discussion: Gallbladder anomalies pose diagnostic and surgical challenges, increasing the risk of bile duct injury. Greater awareness and standardized guidelines are needed. This review highlights early recognition and tailored intervention to optimize outcomes, emphasizing the need for standardized protocols.