Farmer management responses to contrasting water stress in upland and lowland rice systems of Uganda

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) production in Uganda occurs under contrasting hydrological conditions, ranging from soil moisture deficits in upland fields, to excess water and flooding in lowland environments. Farmers adjust management practices to cope with these different forms of water stress; however, the field practices under which such practices are applied and their effectiveness across production systems remain poorly documented. This study examined farmer management responses to contrasting water stress across upland, rain-fed lowland and irrigated rice production systems in Uganda. The study was conducted in Butaleja and Bugiri districts in eastern Uganda; and Lira and Nwoya districts in northern Uganda, during September and October 2025. Evidence was obtained through structured focus group discussions (FGDs) and consultations with district agricultural officers and analysed through comparative assessment across production systems. Results showed that although districts experienced similar rainfall disturbances, including delayed onset, intermittent dry spells and intense rainfall events, crop responses differed markedly among production systems. Upland fields experienced soil moisture deficits; whereas lowland fields experienced flooding, seed wash-off and prolonged waterlogging. Farmers implemented several management practices across systems, including early planting, varietal substitution, drainage construction and transplanting; however, their effectiveness depended on prevailing field water conditions. Moisture-conserving practices were more effective in upland systems, whereas drainage and water-control measures were critical in lowland environments. Stable production was reported where agronomic practices matched prevailing hydrological conditions and where seed delivery systems, advisory services and water-control infrastructure were functional.