Lemon peel-synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles for polyester functionalization

This study functionalized polyester fabric using titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) synthesized with lemon peel extract. The aqueous extraction of lemon peel produced phytochemicals (phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids), confirmed by qualitative analysis, which capped bulk TiO2 onto NPs. The successful synthesis of TiO₂ NPs was verified through characterization. SEM analysis showed well-dispersed particles with irregular shapes, while FTIR and UV-Vis spectroscopy confirmed the desired chemical structure and optical properties, respectively. The fabric was treated using a pad-dry-cure process, with parameters (TiO2 concentration, pre-soaking time, and temperature) optimized: higher TiO2 concentrations and longer pre-soaking improved performance. The finished fabric demonstrated increased antistatic properties, with half-life decay time reduced from 1,621 seconds to 210 seconds. Antimicrobial tests showed inhibition zones of 13.5 mm (Gram-positive) and 13.1 mm (Gram-negative), while UV protection increased from 89.31% to 98.89% blocking. These results highlight the potential of lemon peel extract as a sustainable capping agent for TiO2 NP synthesis, enabling multifunctional polyester finishes with industrial applications. KEY WORDS: Titanium dioxide nanoparticles, Lemon peel, Capping agent, Polyester, Functionalization Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2026, 40(2), 395-411 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v40i2.10