Physico-Mechanical Properties of Clove Seeds: A Comparative Analysis Across Moisture Content Levels

This study investigates the impact of moisture content on the physico-mechanical properties of clove seeds (Syzygium aromaticum), with a focus on compressive strength, angle of repose, coefficient of static friction, bulk density, porosity, and axial dimensions. A total of 1 kg of clove seeds was cleaned, dried, and divided into four samples (T1, T2, T3 and T4) with moisture contents of 5%, 15%, 17%, and 19%, respectively, to assess how varying moisture levels influence their handling and mechanical behaviour. Physical property tests were conducted using standard methods, including a universal testing machine, moisture meter, and other relevant equipment at Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Results indicate that increasing moisture content decreases compressive strength, making seeds softer and more susceptible to deformation. The angle of repose ranged from 27.3° to 30.2°, affecting flowability. The coefficient of static friction was highest on a wooden surface (30.4) and lowest on stainless steel (28.1), demonstrating surface-dependent sliding resistance. Axial dimension measurements showed lengths between 4.87 mm and 7.10 mm, while bulk density ranged from 0.1802 g/cm³ to 0.1936 g/cm³, influencing storage efficiency. Mechanical testing revealed T4 had the highest compressive strength (35.91 MPa), compared to T3 (22.43 MPa), showing greater mechanical resistance. Additionally, T4 exhibited higher strain (17.08%) and energy absorption (0.1769 J), indicating improved durability. These findings provide essential data for optimizing clove seed processing, storage, and transportation. Future research should explore moisture-dependent material behaviour to enhance handling efficiency and reduce mechanical damage