Youth employment at bus terminals in Mwanza city, Tanzania: characteristics, conditions, and challenges

This study examines youth employment characteristics, conditions, and challenges at Nyamhongolo and Nyegezi Bus Terminals in Mwanza City, Tanzania, urban informal hubs. A quantitative cross-sectional research design was employed to collect data from 173 youth aged 18 to 35 using structured questionnaires. Data were analysed using descriptive including the use of frequency and counts and inferential statistics the use of chi-square tests, independent t tests and ANOVA. The findings indicate that bus terminal-based employment is accessible to youth, particularly those with primary and secondary education, yet remains predominantly informal with 60 percent of respondents engaged in temporary or seasonal work and only 36 percent reporting written employment contracts. The overall mean daily earning was TZS 28,260, with higher income levels associated with tertiary education and formal employment status. Social protection coverage was limited, with 9 percent of respondents having health insurance and 16.2 percent enrolled in pension schemes. Although 87 percent of respondents perceived employment at the terminals as easy to access, employment quality remained low, characterised by income instability and limited labour protections. The main barriers to improved employment outcomes were lack of job relevant skills and limited access to capital. The study recommends integrated interventions focusing on skills development, financial inclusion, and extension of social protection tailored to informal terminal-based work environments.