Reframing the Diffusion of Agricultural Innovations: A Systematic Literature Review of Extension, Digitalization, and Climate-Smart Practices

This systematic literature review (SLR) synthesizes research on agricultural innovation diffusion from 2015 to 2025, addressing global challenges like food security and climate change. It evaluates mechanisms, contexts, and outcomes influencing technology adoption. Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), 62 Scopus-indexed articles were analysed using thematic and bibliometric methods to identify trends, methodologies, and theoretical frameworks. Publications consistently increased, reaching a peak in 2020. Research on general innovation focuses on sub-Saharan Africa, while developed countries emphasise precision agriculture. Extension agents are central to adoption, with the Diffusion of Innovations (DOI) theory remaining dominant and increasingly integrated with systemic and participatory approaches. Quantitative methods prevail, but mixed-method and qualitative studies offer more profound insights. Challenges include resource constraints, institutional limitations, and farmer resistance, highlighting complex, context-specific dynamics. In conclusion, agricultural innovation diffusion requires multidisciplinarity, digital integration, and participatory strategies to address global sustainability goals. Future research should prioritize digital platforms, precision agriculture, and cross-country collaborations to strengthen adaptive innovation systems.