Physicochemical Breeding-Site Water Parameters and Their Role in Environmental Pollution-Driven Insecticide Resistance in Mosquito Vectors in Jigawa State, Nigeria

Environmental pollution and insecticide resistance pose major challenges to mosquito control, in urban and peri-urban environments. This study assessed the Physicochemical Breeding-Site Water Parameters and Their Role in Environmental Pollution-Driven Insecticide Resistance in Mosquito Vectors in Jigawa State, Nigeria using appropriate Standard methods. Data obtained show that mosquito species distribution varied across habitats, with Anopheles predominating in residential areas (51%), Aedes in agricultural sites (41%), and Culex in industrial locations (44%). Significant differences were observed in pH, conductivity, dissolved solids, turbidity, biological oxygen demand, and heavy metal concentrations. Cadmium, chromium, copper, and lead frequently exceeded WHO limits in residential and industrial sites. Bioassays showed low susceptibility, with 28.75% mortality for propoxur and 80% for methyl-primiphos; thus, failed to meet the WHO 98% susceptibility threshold. PCA identified residential sites as the primary contributors to water-quality variation, characterized by elevated electrical conductivity (37.38 ± 3.60 mS/cm), total dissolved solids (720.52 ± 52.20 mg/L), and biochemical oxygen demand (72.67 ± 5.01 mg/L), along with reduced dissolved oxygen. The results link environmental pollution to insecticide resistance in mosquitoes and emphasize the need for integrated vector management using environmental monitoring, insecticide rotation, and eco-friendly control measures.