Exploring the role of zoological and mineral materials in traditional medicine: a survey of non-herbal remedies in Ilorin metropolis, Nigeria

Traditional medicine remains vital in regions with limited access to modern healthcare. In Ilorin, Nigeria, traditional healers often use non-herbal remedies, particularly zoological and mineral-based materials, alongside plant-based treatments. This study explored the cultural and medicinal relevance of these nonherbal materials through interviews with 80 traditional medicine practitioners (TMPs). To assess the acceptance of non-herbal traditional remedies among the literate population, a separate survey was conducted among 100 university staff members and students. A total of 29 non-herbal materials were documented, with 79% of the materials derived from animals and 21% from mineral sources. Commonly used items included catfish, chameleons, and honey, which are applied to treat conditions such as infertility, bone weakness, and wounds. Cost and availability varied widely, influencing material selection. Notably,a survey of university respondents (n=100) revealed that 72% were willing to use standardized non-herbal products, indicating growing acceptance. However, concerns about sustainability and ethics were notably expressed. The study highlights the importance of preserving indigenous knowledge while calling for policies that support biodiversity conservation and the safe integration of traditional practices into modern health systems.