Effectiveness of the implementation of the informal settlement upgrading programme in Rwanda: Opportunities and challenges of Agatare cell, Nyarugenge Sector, Kigali, Rwanda

Informal settlements are residential areas developed outside formal planning and tenure systems, housing nearly one billion people globally and exacerbating urban challenges such as overcrowding and environmental degradation, particularly in developing countries. In Kigali, Rwanda, their growth has contributed to insecurity and limited access to basic services. To address these issues, the government, in collaboration with the World Bank, initiated upgrading programs such as the Agatare project, aiming to improve infrastructure and provide affordable housing. Sustainable urban development also requires attention to environmental concerns, including waste management and drainage. This study evaluates the effectiveness of informal settlement upgrading in Agatare Cell, Nyarugenge Sector, using a mixed-methods approach that combines field observations, questionnaire surveys, semi-structured interviews, and spatial data analysis. Findings indicate that the project generated local employment, enhanced housing quality, contributed to the provision of basic infrastructure and facilities. In addition, it fostered the improvement of the environment and increased public safety through street lighting. It also contributed to the attainment of Kigali’s urban development goals by promoting a secure and clean city. However, challenges were identified. These include the limited financial resources available to property owners to improve their dwellings which can trigger tenure insecurity, inadequate compensation during expropriation, and insufficient community participation. The study recommends the prioritization of tenure security and promoting inclusive community engagement that would strengthen the upgrading initiatives and support sustainable urban resilience.