Paradiplomacy in Action in South Africa and Nigeria

This chapter will build on the preceding analysis by examining the socio-economic drivers and institutional frameworks shaping paradiplomacy in South Africa and Nigeria. It is divided into four sections. Section one explores the goals and motivations driving the foreign relations of South African and Nigerian SNGs. Section two highlights the instruments of paradiplomacy employed by these actors. Section three examines the institutional mechanisms facilitating subnational foreign relations. Finally, section four focuses on the mechanisms for intergovernmental relations on foreign policy, focusing on the interactions between national and subnational actors in the foreign relations sphere.