Beyond grazing

This chapter defines pastoralism and its diverse forms, emphasizing key characteristics such as mobility, livestock species, and hybrid systems. It then examines the cultural significance of pastoralism, providing examples of both tangible and intangible elements found among various pastoral groups worldwide. The chapter provides an overview of how pastoralists govern natural resources and establish social structures to effectively manage common resources. Additionally, it examines the critical role of pastoral societies in food security, highlighting their contributions to national gross domestic products across different continents. Addressing key dynamics within pastoral production systems, such as greenhouse gas emissions, natural resource degradation, and animal rights, the chapter argues that pastoralism inherently supports ecological sustainability and respects animal welfare. Ultimately, it identifies the significant challenges that pastoralists face globally, providing insights for decision-makers and policymakers to enhance the livelihoods of these communities.