Estimator Variables

Routledge eBooks 2026 Book chapter

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Authors: James Michael Lampinen, Jeffrey S. Neuschatz, Stacy A. Wetmore, William Blake Erickson
DOI: 10.4324/9781003432555-6
Cited by: 0

Abstract

Estimator variables refer to factors that influence identification but are not under the control of law enforcement. In this chapter, we focus on characteristics of the situation and the suspect that influence identification accuracy. Variables discussed include lighting, distance, duration, and retention interval. The chapter also reviews the role of stress and weapon presence on identification accuracy and characteristics of the suspect that impact identification accuracy. These characteristics include the visual distinctiveness of the suspect, appearance change and disguise, the use of face masks, and the cross-race effect.

Fields of Study & Subjects

Deception detection and forensic psychology Memory Processes and Influences Policing Practices and Perceptions

Publication details

Journal / source
Routledge eBooks
Pages
155–217
Publication date
16 February 2026
Language
EN
Document type
Book chapter