Introduction
Abstract
More people are migrating from countryside to city, from city to city, and from country to country than at nearly anytime in human history. 1 Approximately 281 million migrants roam the world seeking refuge and a better life, nearly two thirds of whom are considered “labor migrants,” up sharply from earlier years ( IOM, 2024 , p. 19). 2 The number of people categorized as “forcibly displaced” by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) due to political conflict, violence, persecution, and human rights abuses has more than tripled from 33.9 million people in 1997 to more than 110 million people in 2023. 3
Fields of Study & Subjects
Migration
Refugees
and Integration
Migration and Labor Dynamics
Racism
and Human Rights
Publication details
- Journal / source
- Routledge eBooks
- Pages
- 1–36
- Publication date
- 15 January 2026
- Language
- EN
- Document type
- Book chapter