Conclusion

Since the outbreak of the Russia–Ukraine War in 2022, global attention to China–Taiwan relations has heightened amid growing fears that Taiwan could become the next target of foreign invasion. With the outcome of the Russia–Ukraine War uncertain following the inauguration of the second Trump administration in 2025, global attention to Taiwan is likely to continue to grow. This concluding chapter consists of four parts. First, it summarizes how stakeholder states, namely, the United States, Japan, South Korea, India, Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom (UK), the Association of Southeast Asian Nations ( ASEAN ), and the European Union (EU), have responded to the Taiwan issue, highlighting their policies and strategies. Second, it discusses how these states have assessed the risks of abandonment and entrapment. Third, it examines the challenges and opportunities they have faced and explored. Finally, it outlines potential future scenarios of the Taiwan issue for these states, using geopolitical frameworks of Mackinder, Spykman, Mearsheimer, and Colby.