Female Figures and Guidance

Chapter 5 is focused on female guidance. It examines the guidance provided by significant female figures, both mortal and immortal (however, not Olympian) in the epic. The words δείκνυμι and ὑφήγησις, their cognates and associated concepts are examined in relation to female figures. Both Odysseus and Telemachos are given guidance by female figures, and this enables them to complete their respective νόστοι. Female guidance is an altruistic principle in that female figures do not derive κλέος from it. However, their guidance aids in propelling the narrative and the success of the main νόστος. The antithesis of female guidance is explored in the example of the ‘strong daughter’ of Antiphanes, who leads Odysseus and his men to the Laistrygonians. The unexpected direct outcome of her leading them to the Laistrygonians focuses the audience on their gross and immediate inhospitality and the dangerousness of the situation. Female figures also guide other female figures as well as male figures. This is demonstrated in an exploration of Eurykleia's relationship with Penelope, and in examination of Antikleia's message for Penelope with regard to Odysseus. Female guidance highlights the moral and relational responsibility of the female figures in the epic.