Quantitative Studies of Paradiplomacy

The chapter explores the application of quantitative methods in paradiplomacy research, emphasising their role in analyzing the increasing engagement of subnational governments in international relations. Drawing from our experience in three research projects financed by the Polish National Science Center, we could offer practical guidance on how to plan and execute large-size survey research effectively and then prepare data analysis. Key issues include developing straightforward research questions, designing surveys, selecting representative samples, making data collection and ensuring their quality. However, quantitative research can also be based on secondary sources (reports, statistics, website reviews). For this purpose, essential quantitative methods, including descriptive and inferential statistics, will also be pointed out. Specifically, cluster analysis and social network analysis (SNA) will be highlighted for their utility in uncovering cooperation patterns among subnational entities. The chapter further explores advanced data analysis methods, including regression analysis, to identify factors driving paradiplomatic activities. Moreover, it will be pointed out how to use the correlation coefficient to investigate the relationship between the paradiplomatic activities of cities and the dependence on connection with political parties. Finally, it will describe how to use SNA to create a sociogram map of twinning relationships and make key metrics based on quantitative data. This chapter aims to provide researchers with actionable strategies and methodological tools to contribute to the growing area of paradiplomacy quantitative studies.