Paradiplomacy in Poland

This chapter explores the evolution, scope, and challenges of paradiplomacy in Poland, a post-communist country that has leveraged subnational diplomacy as a tool for development, European integration, and international cooperation. Following democratic reforms and EU accession, Polish sub-state governments have actively engaged in foreign relations, particularly through twinning, participation in transnational networks, and cross-border cooperation. The chapter traces the legal foundations of Polish paradiplomacy, including constitutional guarantees and detailed legislation, and analyzes cooperation between local authorities and the central government. It highlights how Polish paradiplomacy has responded to global challenges, from EU enlargement to the COVID-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine. It also discusses evolving practices such as more pragmatic and outcome-oriented partnerships and identifies key constraints, including limited coordination with the national government. Finally, the chapter situates Polish paradiplomacy within the broader global context and literature, offering a valuable case study of how subnational units in unitary states can shape international relations.