Paradiplomacy in Argentina

This chapter explores the evolution, challenges, and opportunities of paradiplomacy in Argentina, analyzing its historical trajectory, legal framework, and institutional development. Paradiplomacy, understood as a subnational public policy, has gained increasing relevance, with provinces and municipalities actively engaging in international relations. The 1994 constitutional reform was a turning point, granting provinces the right to sign international agreements while setting certain limitations. Despite the absence of a clear regulatory framework, subnational governments have expanded their international reach through economic cooperation, cultural exchanges, and strategic alliances. The role of Argentina's national government in coordinating paradiplomatic efforts remains inconsistent. While initiatives such as the Federal Council of International Relations and Trade aim to foster coordination, their effectiveness has been limited. The concept of “Paradiplomatic Diplomacy,” introduced by the author, advocates for a structured collaboration between national and subnational actors to enhance Argentina's global positioning. Examples from Mexico, Colombia, and Argentina illustrate successful models of such coordination. Additionally, the chapter highlights the increasing professionalization of paradiplomacy, the role of academia in shaping the field, and emerging trends such as decentralized paradiplomacy, where provinces support municipal internationalization efforts. The case of La Rioja's Municipal Internationalization Program (PIM) exemplifies how structured training and planning can strengthen local paradiplomatic capacities. Argentina has the legal and institutional conditions for robust paradiplomacy, but challenges remain, including clearer regulations and long-term strategies that transcend political cycles. Strengthening paradiplomatic networks and national coordination could position Argentina as a global leader in subnational diplomacy.