The United States

This chapter argues that, as the United States has been one of the key actors in opening markets, substate governments have been incentivized to respond and adapt to globalization. By investigating whether the United States has built structures that enable substate and federal governments to “think and act glocally,” the chapter reviews the literature on substate diplomacy about the US over the past twenty years. The chapter assesses that the evolution of paradiplomacy in the United States has produced a variety of mechanisms to address municipal, state, and transborder concerns and developed different levels of institutionalization of paradiplomacy.