China and GCC

This chapter explores the evolving energy partnership between the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) states and China, focusing on upstream and midstream cooperation in crude oil and natural gas. The GCC remains a cornerstone of global energy supply, while China is the world’s largest energy importer. Their relationship is increasingly defined by mutual interests in energy security, economic diversification, and climate alignment. The GCC offers cost-competitive, low-carbon energy supported by advanced infrastructure (pipelines, integrated facilities), cutting-edge technology deployment, and stable governance with clear policy direction. At the same time, China contributes sustained demand, capital, and growing technological capacity. The chapter examines the techno-economic basis of GCC energy, China’s policy direction, investment patterns, and emerging low-carbon initiatives, while also addressing geopolitical, regulatory, and structural challenges. It argues that the China–GCC partnership in upstream and midstream oil and gas projects and trade can offer a stabilizing model for global markets amid the energy transition.