Representation Injustice

This chapter describes the political system and its structure in the United States. Political stratification is defined, and the “power elite” is explained. I estimate the number of elite actors and their reach across power centers. Markers of power are identified. I turn to Fraser&s;s notion on representation, summarize her conceptualization, present a typology of representation, and discuss “interests.” Jane Addams is offered as a profiler of anti-democratic patterns. Misrepresentation is explained and linked to the subprocesses of muting, marginalizing, and excluding. The ideal of participatory parity is defined. Participatory inequity is related to life chances, and precarity statistics document the differential political participation by groups. I review agencies that lead campaigns to mobilize voters. Possibilities for inclusive political participation are illustrated by the Rainbow Push Coalition. I consider active citizenship, identify three aspects, summarize obstacles to empowerment, and prioritize self-care. Three ways of conceiving of power are summarized: power over, power to define, and power with. I examine the subprocess of domination and show its use with female prisoners in WWII and American prisons. I highlight the activism of students seeking legislative action to reduce gun violence. Larry Kramer is our injustice profiler.