Exploring Group Differences Using SPSS

Upon completion of this chapter, you will Understand the importance of exploring group differences. Select and apply the appropriate statistical tests for comparing group means. Conduct one-sample t -tests to compare a group's mean to a known value. Perform paired-sample t -tests and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests to evaluate differences between two related groups. Use independent samples t -tests and Mann-Whitney U tests to compare means between two independent groups. Execute one-way ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis H tests to analyze differences across three or more groups. Apply post hoc tests, such as Tukey's HSD and Games-Howell, to identify specific group differences. Interpret and report the results of these statistical tests professionally in the American Psychological Association (APA) format.