Worker cooperatives in Spain

This chapter details the history and current state of worker cooperatives in Spain. Despite initial slow growth and periods of institutional challenges, worker cooperatives have significantly expanded, comprising over 81% of all cooperatives in Spain by the end of 2023. These cooperatives generate nearly 1 million jobs (direct and indirect), about 5% of the Spanish workforce. The service sector dominates, accounting for 78% of worker cooperatives. The chapter traces the evolution of worker cooperatives in Spain, from their early origins associated with utopian socialism to their current prominence, influenced by legislative changes, economic crises and the role of organisations like COCETA, the national worker cooperative federation. Challenges remain, including visibility, social dialogue and generational renewal, but the cooperative model’s commitment to social and economic sustainability, equality and environmental responsibility positions it as a viable and adaptable business model for the future.