Introduction to the Digital Economy

This chapter has introduced the conceptual foundations of the digital economy, combining a systematic review of institutional and academic definitions with an original analytical contribution. Drawing on sources such as the OECD, World Bank, UNCTAD, and Rong, the chapter synthesises four key perspectives—macroeconomic, sectoral, technological, and institutional—that underpin the multidimensional nature of digital transformation. Building on this foundation, the chapter proposes a novel definition of the digital economy as a systemic configuration driven by data, digital technologies, and algorithmic coordination. Furthermore, an original typology of digital economies is introduced, distinguishing four models based on the degree of technological integration and the dominant coordination logic. This typology enables cross-country and cross-sectoral comparisons, offering a robust framework for subsequent empirical analysis and scenario development. By articulating these authorial contributions, the chapter lays the groundwork for analysing the structural evolution, technological dynamics, and governance challenges of digital transformation across the EU and beyond.