What is racism?

This chapter establishes foundational clarity on racism by distinguishing it from common misconceptions. Thompson emphasizes that the concept of ‘race’ lacks biological grounding and is, instead, a socially constructed concept with real consequences. Drawing from sociological theory, he highlights how perceived differences are redefined as deficits, forming the basis of both biological and cultural racism. The chapter distinguishes between individual prejudice and institutional or cultural manifestations, underlining that outcomes – rather than intentions – define racism. Thompson introduces the concept of racialization and warns against simplifications that reduce racism to overt hostility. Importantly, he separates racism from racialism, with the former including unintentional yet harmful impacts. This analytical foundation prepares readers to recognize subtle and systemic forms of racism. The chapter’s core message is that effective anti-racism demands an understanding of the complex, socially embedded mechanisms through which racism operates, beyond just personal attitudes or overt acts of discrimination.