The expansion of No Safe Haven policies

This chapter establishes that with growing demands to end impunity for international crimes, No Safe Haven policies expanded their scope, especially in Western Europe. Exclusion from refugee protection and universal jurisdiction prosecutions gradually became the new cornerstones of such programs. By the late 1990s, refugee exclusion had become an integral part in refugee status determination processes in some states. After 9/11 more states followed, broadening the criteria for exclusion and lowering the threshold for its application. The post-World War II era also saw the development of a robust international human rights regime. While international treaties mandated the exclusion and prosecution of alleged war criminals, they also strengthened protections against deportation, regardless of citizenship status. Because of theses parallel developments, No Safe Haven policies have contributed to a widening scope of the issue of undesirable but unremovable migrants.