Conclusion

This book has been an extended defense of the idea that propositions are structured entities that have as parts properties, relations, and concrete objects. These propositional parts, together with the propositional composition relations they stand in, give propositions truth conditions. Propositions have their constituents and stand in these composition relations independently of human mental or linguistic activity. As the relational structure and constituents of propositions explain their truth conditions, we have reason to prefer this structured account over other accounts on which they are primitive entities. If we allow entities to stand in propositional composition relations even if they don&s;t exist, we may keep necessarily existing singular propositions with contingently existing concrete objects as constituents.