Drug trafficking at sea

Maritime drug trafficking poses significant challenges for international law enforcement. While the Law of the Sea offers a general framework under article 108, its provisions often fall short in enabling effective interdiction. This chapter reviews stronger legal tools, such as the 1988 Vienna Convention, which provides mechanisms for Flag State consent and international cooperation. It also examines bilateral and regional treaties that support boarding, searching and seizing, including agreements between the United States and several Latin American and Caribbean nations. Special focus is given to jurisdictional strategies that balance sovereignty with the need to combat transnational drug crimes. The analysis highlights practical challenges like slow legal processes and lack of harmonized procedures, and suggests improved coordination among Flag, Coastal and Port States. Ultimately, maritime drug trafficking illustrates the necessity for a dedicated and adaptable legal system.