Unauthorized transmissions

The regulation of unauthorized broadcasting from ships showcases a unique intersection of maritime law, telecommunications law and criminal enforcement. Once linked to offshore radio piracy in the 1960s and 70s, this offence remains pertinent due to advancing technologies. The chapter covers the legal basis established by article 109 and related treaties like the 1965 European Agreement on Broadcasting. It also examines the International Telecommunication Union’s (ITU) authority to assign radio frequencies and resolve technical interference. Jurisdictional issues are discussed, focusing on how states can pursue and detain vessels transmitting illegally on the high seas. Modern parallels are drawn with digital piracy, satellite interference and cyber threats, broadening the traditional scope of signal-based violations. Though seemingly outdated, unauthorized transmissions today represent a significant legal challenge in addressing hybrid maritime threats.