Terrorism at sea

Maritime terrorism exists in a grey zone between armed conflict and law enforcement. This chapter examines how acts of violence at sea are criminalized and prevented by international legal frameworks, with a focus on the 1988 SUA Convention and its 2005 Protocol. Using case studies like the Achille Lauro , USS Cole and M/V Limburg , it highlights the vulnerabilities of civilian and military ships. It discusses jurisdictional triggers such as the presence of nationals, ship location or Flag State consent. The chapter also examines connections between terrorism and other maritime crimes like piracy, weapons trafficking and smuggling. Emphasis is on due process, proportional force and navigational freedoms. Additionally, it analyses the growing importance of intelligence sharing, ship security plans and alliances.