Contiguous zone

The contiguous zone extends up to 24 nautical miles from the baseline, giving Coastal States limited jurisdiction mainly for preventing and penalizing violations of customs, immigration, fiscal and sanitary laws. Unlike full sovereignty, this zone acts as a security buffer that complements the territorial sea. The chapter explores the differences between prescriptive jurisdiction (the authority to legislate) and enforcement jurisdiction (the authority to act), highlighting the need for proportionality and adherence to legal thresholds for intervention. It also examines how the zone is practically used to combat illegal activities like smuggling and unauthorized migration, and reviews jurisdictional claims in modern State practice. While criminal jurisdiction remains limited, it is increasingly used in maritime policing and interdiction efforts. Overall, this legal framework allows States to protect their interests without overstepping into international waters.