Exclusive economic zone (EEZ)

The EEZ represents a hybrid legal framework granting Coastal States sovereign rights over resource exploitation without full sovereignty over the area. Extending 200 nautical miles from the baseline, this zone encompasses rights to explore, exploit, conserve and manage natural resources in the water column and seabed. The chapter discusses the scope of coastal jurisdiction, including environmental protection, artificial installations and marine scientific research. It also reaffirms other States’ rights to navigation and overflight, along with the debated concept of constructive presence – where vessels outside the EEZ can be intercepted for violations tied to activities within it. The final sections address criminal jurisdiction concerning drug trafficking, illegal fishing and environmental violations, referencing recent legal decisions and enforcement practices. Overall, the EEZ is portrayed as a dynamic and contested space in maritime governance.