Philosophy in Action

This chapter delves into eight key philosophical paradigms – positivism, realism, post-positivism, pragmatism, interpretivism, constructivism, critical realism, and postmodernism – and their application to understanding and addressing an example of water crisis in a village setting. Each paradigm is exemplified through the perspectives of individuals adopting different approaches to the crisis: Rajesh applies pragmatic solutions, Shalini explores villagers’ subjective experiences, Mohan emphasises co-constructed knowledge, Dinesh investigates structural causes, and Devika deconstructs dominant narratives. The chapter examines how these paradigms shape methodologies, views of reality (ontology), and ways of knowing (epistemology). It highlights the importance of integrating diverse approaches to address complex societal challenges. Through this discussion, students will gain insights into how philosophical paradigms influence research and practical problem-solving, and how these paradigms can be applied in various real-world contexts to produce holistic and sustainable outcomes.