Khusi Muhammad, Abdul Qayyum, and Abdullah Safdar

Chapter 4 aims at narrating the lives of three Hijrat activists – Khusi Muhammad, Abdul Qayyum, and Abdullah Safdar. Like many others, they took part in a mass exodus of Indian Muslims of northern India to Afghanistan. Being dissatisfied with the Afghan rulers, the Hijrat activists again undertook a perilous journey and finally reached Tashkent. The chapter, referring to archival material compiled and edited by Sir Cecil Kaye, and other relevant sources, narrates the political journey of Khusi Muhammad, who became a prominent figure in the Communist International. Abdullah Safdar, another agent of M. N. Roy, reached India. However, on the eve of the Second World War, he again returned to the Soviet Union. Abdul Qayyum married a Soviet woman, was engaged in the transport industry, and became a Soviet citizen.