Chronic and Persistent Pain and Illness

Chronic pain and illness are pervasive health problems worldwide and are commonly seen in patients participating in physical therapy. Causes of chronic pain include nociceptive, neuropathic, and nociplastic. Chronic illness, or non-communicable disease, is caused by a combination of genetic, environmental, and predominantly lifestyle factors. Evidence-based approaches for patients with chronic pain or illness include prescribed physical activity, pain neuroscience education (appropriately selected), social engagement, weight and medication management, substance use education, interprofessional clinics, and an emphasis on function and accountability. This chapter takes a selective, high-level view of physical therapy research related to the management of chronic pain and illness.