Autism Spectrum Disorder and Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are two related neurodevelopmental disorders or conditions that are present at birth. This chapter discusses how ASD and ADHD are currently defined, the interacting causes and risk factors for each, and clinical presentation of each, including movement system differences. The two conditions co-occur in up to 50% of individuals with ADHD. Core differences between people with ASD and/or ADHD (neurodivergent) and those without (neurotypical) lie in social communication, movement habits, and overall health. Underlying these differences are altered sensory processing, language acquisition, and interpersonal awareness. Important skills for physical therapists (PTs) and assistants (PTAs) when working with neurodivergent patients include curious questioning, keen behavioral observation, and analysis.