Technology, Knowledge, and Sustainability in Industry 4.0

This chapter looks at the conceptual foundations that are necessary to understand Industry 4.0 as a step toward agentic AI and Industry 5.0. It examines technology frameworks and implementation models with theoretical perspectives that have been drawn from organizational theory and information systems. The chapter also discusses core digital technologies alongside the socio-technical angle that clarifies their adoption and impact. Particular emphasis is placed on how to use knowledge management and transfer mechanisms in shaping digital organizations. It also tackles how energy security and sustainable development intersect with digital transformation, positioning them as goals rather than external constraints.