Early Cosmological Models

This chapter explores early Chinese cosmological models, focusing on the Gaitian theory of a round sky and square earth. It discusses the theory's development from the Neolithic period, evidenced by the three-ring stone altar in Hongshan Culture (c. 3500 BCE), which reflects ancient understanding of solstice and equinox solar paths. The altar's design, with concentric circles in geometric progression, aligns with the “Seven Circles and Six Intervals Diagram” in Zhoubi Suanjing , demonstrating early astronomical and mathematical knowledge. Adjacent square and circular altars symbolize earth and sky, respectively, linking to ancient rituals. The chapter contrasts Gaitian with Huntian and Xuanye theories, highlighting Gaitian 's influence and the independent development of Chinese cosmology.