Simulation-based surgical training: methods, technologies, and perspectives

Simulation-based training has emerged as a cornerstone of modern surgical education, addressing critical challenges such as patient safety, ethical considerations, and limited training hours.This study explores the scope, technological advancements, and future perspectives of surgical simulation training.High-fidelity simulations, including VR and robotic systems, offer immersive and realistic training experiences.Innovations like augmented reality, 3D printing, and integrated simulation laboratories have enhanced skill development, decision-making, and teamwork in complex surgical scenarios.Meta-analyses confirm that simulation training reduces operative times, decreases errors, and improves patient outcomes.While cadaver and animal models remain integral, their limitations have driven the adoption of cost-effective alternatives.Future trends include metaverse-based platforms and patient-specific simulations, promising more accessible and individualized training solutions.As surgical simulation technologies evolve, their role in fostering proficient surgeons and enhancing patient care outcomes will continue to expand.