Corruption in the liminal time: enduring questions and theory

The dominant paradigm in corruption studies that emerged in the late 1970s replaced an earlier, more eclectic view influenced by sociological functionalism. That earlier perspective allowed for the possibility that corruption could serve latent positive functions, such as fostering inclusion during modernization. In contrast, the current paradigm narrowly defines corruption in negative terms and emphasizes quantitative analysis. However, this approach is under strain: anti-corruption policies have often fallen short, and rising inequality – especially in the US – has spurred interest in broader, non-criminal conceptions of corruption. Responses to these challenges may involve minor adjustments or more fundamental shifts. Ideas about corruption are inseparable from wider political and social visions. We are living through “liminal times”, marked by the decline of the neoliberal order and an uncertain future. The evolving debate on corruption is part of this broader transitional moment, reflecting deeper uncertainties about the nature of power, legitimacy, and governance.