Experience with modern techniques of allergy diagnostics in patients with allergic rhinitis in the Republic of Ingushetia

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a chronic inflammatory condition characterized by episodes of sneezing, rhinorrhea, nasal congestion, and often accompanied by itching in the eyes, nose, and throat. Common AR manifestations include postnasal syndrome, coughing, irritability, and rapid fatigue, which significantly reduce the quality of life. According to epidemiological studies in recent years, the prevalence of AR has significantly increased globally, with estimated frequency of up to 40% in general population. The spectrum of allergens can vary significantly across different regions due to differences in climate and environmental conditions. As a part of a study performed in Republic of Ingushetia, 40 patients seeking medical aid for AR symptoms were examined using modern allergy diagnostic methods. According to the results obtained, 30% of the study group (12 patients) were sensitized to Amb a 1, the allergenic component of ragweed pollen. Sensitization to domestic dust mite allergens (Der f 1, Der p 1) was identified in 8 out of 40 cases (20%). Additionally, sensitization to the major birch pollen allergen (Bet v 1) was found in 6 out of 40 patients (15%). Sensitization to epidermal allergens of animal origin (Can f 1, Fel d 1) was diagnosed in only 4 out of 40 patients (10%). Sensitization to various food allergens was detected in 10% of all examined patients, with the most common substances being wheat (Tri a 14), milk (Bos d 8), and egg (Gal d 1). Sensitization to the major allergen of timothy grass pollen (Phl p 1) was found in 4 out of 40 patients (10%). Sensitivity to the mold fungal allergens (Asp f 1, Alt a 1) was less common, occurring in 2 out of 40 patients (5%). The results of the allergy mapping obtained during the study confirm that the use of specific allergen component diagnostics may significantly increase the accuracy of allergy diagnosis. This, in turn, may facilitate the development of more effective algorithms and personalized techniques for prevention and treatment of AR in each specific case.