The local crop varieties (farmers’ varieties) registration system in Nepal: Past, present and future

Farmers’ varieties, characterized by their broad genetic base and ecological resilience, were historically not recognized by Nepal’s formal seed system. However, after decades of research, policy dialogue and advocacy efforts, the Seed Regulation of 2013 introduced a provision allowing farming communities to register their varieties through a simplified process. This milestone was further reinforced by the Seed Act of 2022 and the Seed Regulation of 2024, which legally defined native and local landraces, ensuring their formal recognition and protection. Despite these advancements, market opportunities for site-specific landraces remain limited, posing a challenge for widespread commercialization. Nevertheless, the registration system has significantly contributed to Nepal’s seed sovereignty, empowering farmers economically, promoting agrobiodiversity conservation and enhancing agricultural sustainability. By integrating formal recognition, economic incentives and ecological resilience, Nepal is fostering a farmer-driven, sustainable agricultural future where local varieties play a crucial role in food, nutrition, health and business security, climate adaptation and rural livelihoods.