Biopolymers Production Strategies and Their Usage as Clean Material for Environmental Remediation

The renewable sources, biodegradability, and customizable physicochemical features of biopolymers make them viable alternatives to synthetic materials. Their use in wastewater, air, and soil remediation offers promising answers to pollution problems. This comprehensive analysis encompasses the natural extraction, microbial biosynthesis, and chemical polymerization of biopolymers. Chitosan, alginate, bacterial cellulose, and polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are excellent biopolymers for wastewater treatment because they effectively adsorb heavy metals, dyes, and organic contaminants. Additionally, biopolymer-based membranes, composites, and hydrogels are garnering attention for air filtration and soil stabilization. Functional modifications have enhanced the efficiency and environmental sustainability of biopolymers through the application of synthetic biology and nanotechnology. This paper explores the potential of biopolymer-based environmental remediation technologies to replace synthetic materials in sustainable pollution management, highlighting recent advances, challenges, and prospects.