The Impact of Chromium Contamination in Fish and Rice on Public Health Risks along the Opak River in Yogyakarta

Access to clean water is increasingly threatened by industrial pollution, particularly from the tanning industry, which poses significant health risks and environmental challenges. This research aimed to determine Cr(VI) concentrations in water, sediment, fish, and rice samples from several sites along the river and to analyze the related health hazards. The study was conducted from March 2023 to November 2024, involving samples collected from 40 fishponds and rice fields located at different distances from the industrial area. Water, sediment, and fish samples were collected and analyzed to determine the concentration of Cr(VI) using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) and spectrophotometry methods. A total of 360 samples from fishponds and 180 samples from rice fields were collected. In addition, a survey was conducted on rice and fish consumption patterns among 200 respondents from the affected areas. Cr(VI) concentrations were observed in all impacted locations, with levels significantly exceeding those found in the control area. Cr(VI) accumulation in fish and rice showed a significant increase, with health risk assessments revealing that both noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risks surpassed safe limits. The findings indicate that industrial wastewater severely contaminates aquatic environments, posing significant health risks due to dietary exposure to Cr(VI). This study provides important insights into the prevalence of Cr(VI) contamination in agricultural and aquaculture systems, links environmental pollution to public health risks, and underscores the importance of regulatory measures to ensure food safety and public health.