Public Latrine and Human Health in Nigeria (a case study of Bekwarra, Obudu and Obanliku LGAs of Cross River State)

Sanitation is a critical determinant of public health, particularly in rural communities where access to functional public latrines is limited. This study examines the relationship between public latrine systems and human health in Bekwarra, Obudu, and Obanliku Local Government Areas (LGAs) of Cross River State, Nigeria. The research aimed to assess the availability, accessibility, and condition of public latrines, identify health challenges associated with inadequate sanitation, examine socio-cultural factors affecting latrine use, and evaluate the effectiveness of existing sanitation policies and interventions. A descriptive survey design was adopted, with a sample size of 360 respondents drawn from the three LGAs using multi-stage stratified and purposive sampling techniques. Data were collected through structured questionnaires, key informant interviews, and observational checklists. Descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and correlation analyses were employed to analyze the data. Findings revealed that public latrines in the study areas are generally inadequate, poorly maintained, and often culturally inappropriate, limiting their usage. Diarrhoeal diseases, typhoid, and helminth infections were identified as common health outcomes linked to poor sanitation. Socio-cultural beliefs, gender dynamics, and insufficient community involvement were significant barriers to consistent latrine use. Moreover, government policies and interventions existed but were poorly implemented, reducing their effectiveness. Hypothesis testing confirmed a significant relationship between public latrine availability, maintenance, and sanitation-related health outcomes. The study concludes that improving public health in Bekwarra, Obudu, and Obanliku requires a multi-faceted approach combining infrastructure development, community engagement, behavioral change education, and robust policy enforcement. Recommendations include constructing and rehabilitating public latrines, ensuring gender-sensitive designs, implementing hygiene education campaigns, and strengthening post-ODF monitoring to sustain improved sanitation practices.