Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for pediatric acute myeloid leukemia

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) accounts for 15% to 20% of pediatric acute leukemia cases. Treatment failure is influenced by both genetic risk and response to therapy1,2,3,4. Although the initial remission rate exceeds 90%, more than 30-40% of children with AML die of refractory/relapsed disease or treatment-related toxicity5. Improved survival outcomes are associated with comprehensive strategies that combine intensive chemotherapy, effective supportive care, and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT), adjusted to the relapse risk profile of each patient6-10. In 2020, the Brazilian Group for Pediatric Bone Marrow Transplantation of the Brazilian Society of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy (SBTMO) and the Brazilian Society for Pediatric Oncology (SOBOPE) convened a task force to provide general guidance on HSCT for childhood AML, to provide evidence-based guidance for the appropriate management of this disease. This is the 2025 update of the previously guideline.