Leveraging blockchain technology in mining supply chain management: Vietnam coal mining case study

The global economy heavily relies on the mining industry for essential resources such as coal, oil, gas, and metal ores. However, the intricate nature of mining operations poses significant challenges in supply chain management (SCM). This research investigates how blockchain technology can address these challenges within mining supply chain management (MSCM). Through a systematic review of existing research and projects, a conceptual blockchain model is proposed to improve mining supply chains’ transparency, traceability, efficiency, and sustainability, specifically focusing on coal supply chain management in Vietnam. The model integrates distributed ledgers, smart contracts, IoT devices, identity management, and consensus mechanisms to streamline operations and maintain data integrity. Implementation through Ethereum smart contracts with Proof of Authority consensus demonstrated significant advantages over traditional systems, enabling automated inspection verification, logistics verification and management, and real-time inventory tracking. Environmental compliance monitoring is substantially enhanced through tamper-proof emissions data recording and streamlined regulatory reporting. The study also identifies critical implementation challenges and provides comprehensive solutions to address scalability, regulatory implications, interoperability, and data privacy considerations. These findings provide a strategic roadmap for mining industry stakeholders to successfully integrate blockchain technology into their supply chain operations.