Pharmaceutical Care Model and Implementation in Clinical Pharmacy Services: A Qualitative-Descriptive Literature Review

This article aims to describe and analyze the development, implementation, and challenges of pharmaceutical care–based models in clinical pharmacy services, with emphasis on their contribution to patient-centered care and improved therapeutic outcomes. A qualitative descriptive design using a library research approach was employed, with data collected through systematic searches of peer-reviewed articles, official reports, and relevant policy documents published between 2015 and 2025 focusing on pharmaceutical care models, clinical pharmacy practice, and interprofessional collaboration. A total of 18 eligible studies were analyzed inductively using thematic analysis involving data reduction, categorization, and synthesis. The findings reveal a clear paradigm shift from product-oriented dispensing toward comprehensive patient-centered pharmaceutical care, with 72% of studies reporting increased pharmacist involvement in medication review, therapy monitoring, and identification of drug-related problems, while 67% highlighted improvements in patient counseling and medication adherence. Furthermore, 61% of the studies documented reductions in medication errors or drug-related problems following implementation. Improved clinical outcomes were reported in more than half of the studies (56%), particularly among patients with chronic diseases and high-risk conditions in settings with strong interprofessional collaboration. However, nearly 70% of the studies identified persistent barriers, including limited human resources, inadequate documentation systems, uneven interprofessional collaboration, and insufficient regulatory or infrastructural support, especially in low- and middle-income settings. Overall, pharmaceutical care–based models significantly contribute to advancing clinical pharmacy practice and inform future policy, education, and research.