Safe Havens and Legal Uncertainty in Indonesia Transnational Crime Enforcement: An Analysis of the Absence of an Extradition Treaty and the Non-Coercive Use of Interpol Red Notices

The development of transnational crime challenges the effectiveness of Indonesian criminal law enforcement, particularly when perpetrators flee to countries without extradition treaties. This situation has the potential to create de facto safe havens and demonstrates the paradox between the need for effective law enforcement and the limitations of international cooperation instruments. This study aims to analyze the law enforcement mechanisms for perpetrators in countries without extradition treaties and assess the effectiveness of the use of non-coercive Interpol Red Notices. The research method used is normative legal research with a conceptual approach, and data collection techniques through qualitative literature analysis. The results show that the absence of extradition treaties significantly hampers the process of surrendering perpetrators and prolongs legal uncertainty. Red Notices function as an instrument for international tracking and coordination, but their effectiveness is highly dependent on commitment and diplomatic relations between countries. These findings emphasize the need to strengthen international cooperation to prevent the formation of safe havens for transnational criminals.